Wood is a porous, hygroscopic, organic material that can be formed; that is, it takes different positions in its growth in response to external influences. It is obtained from woody plants, specifically trees and shrubs.
It is considered one of the essential resources in nature, and it is known to be a hygroscopic, porous, and moldable organic substance. It responds to external influences and is taken from plants. It has many characteristics, including being easily formed, easy to obtain, durable, hard, and easy to cut.
Wood is preserved using one of these materials; tar oils, organic oils, and toxic salts dissolved in water. Wood treatment methods include the cold immersion method, the wood sap alternative method, the closed cylinder method, and the immersion method in hot solutions. In this article, we will highlight wood and its uses.
We always wonder about the difference in prices between similar pieces of furniture that are made of the same type of wood, so before we know the types of wood, we must understand that there is a difference between even in the same type, for example, we find that a chair made of beech is twice as expensive as another chair with the same the shape is also made of beech, so why this difference?
This variation in price is due to several factors, including the thickness of the wood used to make this piece and the degree of drying of this piece in the oven. The user who paints this piece controls the price and, most important of all, the accuracy and skill of the carpenter who made this piece, the number of wooden connections used, and whether the drilling is manual or using machines, as it is known that manual drilling is the highest price ever.
There are many types of natural and manufactured wood, and each has its own advantages, disadvantages, and uses that differ from one type to another. Hereunder, we will list the most famous types of wood, their advantages, disadvantages, and uses.
Wood is divided into two parts; hardwood and sapwood. As the name indicates, sapwood is softer, weaker, and has a lower toughness factor than hardwood, although these properties cannot be generalised.
It is divided into two parts:
It is the product of coniferous trees with evergreen pointed leaves. It is used in most construction works, which is characterised by its relatively cheap price and the necessary resistance for construction purposes. It is also characterised by ease of operation due to its softness and moderation of its fibres. Including the following types:
It is imported from Canada, Scotland, Russia and the Balkans. It is sometimes known as whiteness and fir. Its density is about 35. kg per cubic meter when the moisture content is 12%, and several varieties exist.
Whitewood is used in several areas, the most prominent of which are mentioned below:
Whitewood can be used for various construction purposes. Because of its durability and rigidity, it is used in internal and external carpentry work due to its tolerance to changes in the weather, in addition to its use in structuring doors, lining and frames.
Whitewood is used in the flooring industry due to its durability and attractive appearance when used and due to its characteristics of resistance to constantly changing weather conditions.
Whitewood is also used in the manufacture of aromatic and therapeutic oils known for its benefits, as its oil relieves nausea, lowers body temperature with fever, and has antibacterial properties.
The reason why white wood is used in abundance is due to several characteristics that distinguish it, and the following is its clarification:
It is one of the cheapest types of natural wood because it contains a lot of knots, which are sometimes malicious knots, which make the manufactured piece look very bad. Burned and there are spaces between it and the rest of the wood, it is a malicious knot, and over time this knot can fall and leave a void in the wood in its place, causing an unaesthetic appearance of the piece.
As for the benign knots, they are usually light in colour and close to the colour of the wood itself. One of the fantastic things about this type of wood is that although the knots make the wood cheaper, sometimes they add beauty to the piece.
Beech pine wood is sometimes used to make saunas, bed boards, living rooms and doors. It is imported from Russia and Sweden, and its density is 45. kg when the moisture in it is 12%.
It is known as the red pine and is considered the strongest among the previous types of wood, its hardness is renowned, and its colour tends to be red. It is imported from Yugoslavia, and central Europe in the form of various large blocks and lengths of up to 12 meters, and its weight is not less than 600 kg / m3.
It is found in North America and is characterised by a dark colour, and a cubic meter of it weighs about 800 kg when the moisture content in it is 12%.
It is the strongest and most durable of all conifers, and its trees grow in cold regions such as Norway, Scotland and Canada, and it varies into several types.
Particleboard is made from sawdust, bagasse, rice stalks, and flax stalks. These types are affixed using chemical adhesives for industrial processing based on boreal formaldehyde resins and then pressed in mechanical presses under different pressures and temperatures commensurate with the purposes required for them.
It has the work of making a crust of whiteness with gypsum or plaster or painting it with water-based paint such as glue or decimeter paint, and for the third purpose, it is covered with plywood and painted with oil paint or ester.
This wood has recently become popular. It consists of heat- and pressure-treated vegetable fibres, which are durable, flat and easy to shape.
These standards include plywood for general purposes made from imported or domestic hardwoods by circular or flat-cutting (automatic strips) and glued together using an adhesive.
This plywood consists of plywood, and the inner ply is always birch and softwood, respectively, while the outer ply is birch, and this ply may be bonded to a phenolic film in conditions of heat and pressure, and therefore it provides good protection against the chemical action of concrete as well as against weather conditions.
Wetness is also not affected by changes in humidity or temperature, and the edges of the panels are entirely coated with an insulating layer to prevent moisture penetration.
This wood is similar to particleboard in all stages of its manufacture, but it differs from it in that particle wood is made from flax, rice straw, cotton stalks, and other non-durable plants. It is one of the durable logs and is distinguished from wood grain in the following:
The increase does not exceed 6% of the original fish in the period of immersion in water for two hours.
Sizes currently on the market: 185 x 250 cm, 185 x 375 cm.
It consists of sapwoods stacked side by side without voids, covered on both sides with wood veneer, the fibres of which are perpendicular to the piles of fibres. The thickness of the board is generally between 16 mm and 50 mm, and its common dimensions are 2.2. x 1.22 meters.
Chemical adhesives are used to install the outer shell between 2 mm and 6 mm, and the layers that make up the shell (plywood) are made of poplar, beech, mahogany, oak or otherwise. The quality of warp boards varies with the materials used and the method of manufacture.
These panels are produced with a length of 366 cm and a width of 122 cm usually, although some foreign factories have panels with a height of 500 cm as well. Compressed wood differs from particleboard in that the first is made after converting the cellulose fibres into a pulp-like pulp and then mixed with resin (glue).
the panels are formed by high pressure at high temperatures, as is the case in particleboard, but the wood panels are then treated in ovens for roasting so that it is not affected in the future by changes in temperature or humidity in the atmosphere.
This thin veneer of precious wood is made of thin veneer and glued over sapwood panels to give it a beautiful appearance.
It is the wood produced from the tree family with flat leaves, and this type of wood is used most often in the manufacture of furniture. Here are some types of hardwoods:
This type is hard to work with and can be polished. It weighs about 800 kg/m3 per cubic meter when the moisture content is 12%. It is imported from England or the Baltic states, Austria, Italy and Greece.
This type grows in the same areas as the previous type, and its colour is dark, and there are several types.
There are names according to the presence of the tree veins in the wood
Oak wood is beautiful and durable and is popular for use in doors and windows, bedrooms, libraries, and kitchens.
The beech tree is one of the types of trees that belong to a family that contains about ten types of beechwood growing in the semi-tropical and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Its seeds provide fodder for poultry and are used for fattening, and also produce edible oil.
They are tall beech trees with circular heads, extending and growing transversely, their thin crust is soft to the touch and has a colour tilted to a metallic silver colour, and their serrated leaves have a bright green colour, and it is considered one of the perennial trees.
They can live for four hundred years or more. American beech is well known in North America, but European beech found in England and Eurasia is more widely known in the world. It is one of the most common hardwoods, and its density is 650 kg/m3 when the moisture content in it is 12%.
Beech wood is used in the manufacture of many things, for example:
Beechwood can be distinguished just by looking at it, where you find the colour of the beech is reddish, has no knots, and the pores of the wood are very narrow.
This type is brown to reddish, and there are several types of this kind, such as Cuban mahogany, Honduran mahogany, African mahogany, Indian mahogany, and what is known as Atlas wood.
It is imported from North America, Britain, Hungary, Austria and the Pyrenees and is often presented in the market as oak.
It is a dark hardwood that tolerates weather fluctuations. Teak trees are abundant in India, Burma and Siam.
It is solid hardwood with a brown colour and three types: greyish, dark, and light tan. Its types are English chestnut, American chestnut, Turkish chestnut and Italian chestnut.
Wood is composed of hydrogen at 6 per cent, carbon at 49 per cent, nitrogen by a little, oxygen at 44 per cent, and ash at 0.1 per cent. It also consists of silica, potassium, magnesium, calcium and manganese.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood
The physical properties of wood are weight, taste, smell, and lustre, which are necessary characteristics that distinguish wood species. Hardness, cleavage strength, and hardness strength.
Woody trees contain the following:
There is a device for measuring moisture in wood, which is used to find out the approximate moisture content in the wood to determine the extent of its resistance to future changes in humidity in the surrounding environment. There are modern digital types of this device at reasonable prices that you can buy if you want to.
Wood comes directly after stone in its global arrangement for construction purposes, as it enters the construction of houses from doors, windows, floors and ceilings, and is used in furniture, in residential buildings, and in large constructions such as bridges, buildings, railways and important supports.
Among the advantages of wood that make it a suitable option for construction are the following:
Despite the characteristics of wood that make it a primary building material, it has some features that limit its use:
The types of wood used in construction are classified into several categories, including:
The wooden boards used in construction are classified according to their thickness so that if it is less than 12.7 cm, it is called timber, but if it is more than 12.7 cm, it is called timber, and if it is more than 20.3 cm, it is called beams.
There are wood panels that have not been manufactured but rather exist naturally, and there are those that have been engineered by glueing many wood threads together, fibres or crusts, examples of which are plywood, glulam wood and fiberboard and are widely used in residential, commercial and industrial construction.
Which depends on the density of wood and plant characteristics in general and is divided into two parts hardwood and softwood, as hardwood is heavier and more robust than other wood and is used in the formation of floors, ceilings, wall construction, etc., and includes oak, maple, walnut and cherry. In contrast, softwood is used for furniture. The windows are more and include pine and cedar.
Particleboard is an engineered wood made from wood fibres and chips. Its use is widespread, especially in the furniture and shelving industry, because of its lightweight and durability. It is essential to understand the process of making compressed wood and how it differs from one type of engineered wood to another. As well as the flaws that can be seen in it.
Compressed wood differs from one type to another and in the way and areas of its use, and it is more common in the furniture industry due to its lightweight and low costs, but when making furniture from it, we face a problem, which is that it can be broken and damaged during transportation and frequent movement.
compressed wood cannot be preserved from moisture. Although the outer shell can protect it, the inner part can get wet with water and swell and become unattractive.
It is made in several steps:
There are many common types of particleboards, including:
It is imperative to know and study the pros and cons of compressed wood:
It has only moderately good durability and requires little maintenance.
If particleboard is not waterproof, moisture will wear down the wood because it works to swell and thus damage it.
Particleboard has the advantage that the first layer has pores, which help absorb paint when painting on wood, and therefore it will need more than one layer when painting chipboard.
They are boards or products made of wood and plastic resulting from recycling their particles and fibres into small parts. Plastic wood products are relatively new compared to natural wood or traditional wood.
Plastic wood products are widely used in the United States of America, and it is produced by mixing particles of recycled materials. Recycled such as wood flour and plastic together, its growth is likely to reach 20% in the coming years.
The following is an explanation of the most prominent uses:
Plastic wood has characteristics that distinguish it from other traditional wood materials, the most prominent of which are:
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