A political system is a set of codified practices and behaviours that legally regulate the work of institutions and forces in a single society. It is the system of politics and governance in a state or society, a very simplified definition of a more complex system; This means that the regulatory and adverse authority is the authority over which it takes control and its role in that field.
It can also be defined as legal regulations and rules that a state works to apply to the people it governs to achieve the welfare and security of the state internally and externally, and thus achieve the most significant number of interests that are in line with the interests of the people. The political decision-making institutions are responsible for applying this—the political system, which is the legislative, executive and judicial authorities and institutions.
The political system has several characteristics that distinguish it from other systems, namely:
This political system level is considered a means of making decisions in various manifestations. A political discourse, a constitutional amendment, or the rejection of amended laws may represent decision-making. And civil society organisations to be able to monitor decisions and research them carefully in order to reach a correct decision.
Ministries, states, municipalities, and government agencies represent the executive branch. This level gives the political system credibility, and failure to implement decisions in the political system is considered humiliating to the political system.
It is the body responsible for the media, as an integral part of the executive body. It is responsible for implementing the decisions issued by the party that made them, studying them thoroughly and predicting their consequences and feedback.
The political system operates within the framework of an internal, regional, and external environment, and this enables the political system to perform three basic tasks, namely:
The political system is a mirror of the state of society, as it reflects the conditions of society, its contradictions, and interests, as well as the opinions, ideas, and beliefs that are widespread and widespread in it and formulated according to the ideological vision or political perception.
Anthropologists usually talkabout four types of political systems: two of them are decentralised, and the other two are central.
Political systems that transcend international borders
Some sovereign states develop transnational political systems to achieve a shared objective or to strengthen their position through alliances. Examples of these political systems include:
The political system has two primary forms:
The democratic system
The system where the people have ultimate power. It is a place where the people exercise their authority through representatives who are citizens. They are chosen via an electoral process because democracy is a system of beliefs centred upon freedom. It is built on the freedom to hold differing opinions.
There are two main forms of democracy: direct democracy and representative democracy. Direct democracy differs from representative democracy in that it does not require citizens to speak on behalf of the rest of the population when making public choices. Whereas the representative system relies on citizens who represent the majority of the population, this democracy depends on a smaller group of people.
Monocratic system
The individual system is characterised by a great deal of ownership, power, and influence. It is often associated with everything that is authoritarian, dictatorial, and far from democracy.
One-party system
One political party in the country monopolises political activity legally and effectively and does not allow the establishment of opposition parties alongside it. The single party’s unilateral political and administrative work in the state is considered one of the most critical features of the one-party system. The party cannot leave any activity without interfering and imposing control over it. One of the individuals who have unique qualities and conditions because the members of one party are the vanguard of society.
Multi-party system:
It consists of three or more political parties in the state. They compete with each other to control political power. Each of them may obtain a certain number of seats in the legislative authority. However, it is difficult for any of them to get the necessary majority independently; to form the executive authority (the government or the ministry). For this reason, there are usually alliances and agreements between more than one party to form the executive power.
Presidential system
A political system is based on separating the three powers and granting broad powers to the president. In contrast, the president’s election characterises the semi-presidential system, but the government emerges from parliament and is responsible to it and the president. The presidential system is one of the representative democratic political systems. It is based on a strict separation between the executive (president), legislative (parliament) and judicial powers.
The presidential system puts executive power in the hands of the president, who is elected by direct voting and forms a government to implement the political program that is accountable to him and not to parliament, as is the case in the parliamentary system. Under the strict separation of powers, parliament can’t overthrow the government, nor does it have the ability to dissolve it.
The semi-presidential or hybrid system is a formula that combines the presidential and parliamentary systems. The president is elected by direct universal voting and enjoys absolute power. At the same time, the government emanates from and is responsible to parliament and is accountable to the head of state, and its president enjoys vast powers.
Semi-presidential system
The semi-presidential system is a mixture of the presidential and parliamentary systems. The president and the prime minister are partners in state affairs. The distribution of these powers varies between the president and the prime minister from one country to another.
This system differs from the parliamentary system in that the president of the Republic is elected by the people by direct universal vote and differs from the presidential system in The Prime Minister is accountable to parliament, and parliament can hold him responsible and dismiss him.
Parliamentary system
One of the forms of the pluralistic democratic system is based on the overlap between the executive (government) and legislative (parliament) branches. The government is responsible to parliament, and its members belong mainly to the party or coalition with the parliamentary majority.
The government can only exercise its functions in the parliamentary system if it gains the confidence of the majority of parliament members. Representatives can move against the government by submitting a motion of no confidence in it. On the other hand, the government has the right to dissolve parliament and call for early elections if it loses the support of a majority that enables it to implement its policies and pass the necessary laws and decrees within parliament.
Semi-parliamentary system
Also described as neo-parliamentary or a new system of the premiership, in which the citizens directly elect the legislature and the prime minister simultaneously, with an electoral law ensuring that the elected prime minister has a parliamentary majority. As in the parliamentary system, the prime minister is accountable to the legislature and can be dismissed. However, this effectively leads to snap elections for both the prime minister and the legislature.
Like semi-presidential systems, semi-parliamentary systems are a powerful form of the parliamentary system. However, there are no countries with a semi-parliamentary system in the world. However, a semi-parliamentary system is used in Israeli and Italian cities and towns to elect mayors and councils.
Imperial system
It is a kind of empire; the name is derived from the Latin word imperium, which means to rule over large territories. It can be defined as a state’s endeavour to expand its power and influence through military, cultural, and political colonialism, military force, and other means.
It can also be defined as the economic, military and political dominance of one country over another. Imperialism has played an enormous role in shaping the modern world, allowing the rapid spread of ideas and technologies and contributing to a more globalised world.
Socialism
A system that the state pursues and adopts its principles for comprehensive development. It is based on enabling the state to monitor the economic activities and intervene to limit the capitalist exploitation of the capabilities of the country to provide for the public. It concentrates resources in the hands of a limited number of individuals, and the provision of job opportunities for citizens characterises this system.
The influence of socialist increased with the enormous economic crisis witnessed by the capitalist societies from 1929-1933, when those societies suffered from unemployment, stagnation and poverty. It monopolises the resources of the country in the hands of a minor group or class and excludes the general population.
The idea of the socialist system is centred or built on the necessity of public ownership of the means of production and the intervention of the state to achieve two main goals; adequacy of production and distribution fairness.
European Union
The European Union began as a small economic project among the six countries that made up the European Common Market. Still, it expanded to include a political partnership of 27 countries after Britain left it.
Approximately 450 million people live within the borders of the European Union, and 19 countries of the union have adopted the euro as a single currency. The federation is headquartered in the Belgian capital, Brussels. Britain’s exit from it dealt a heavy blow to the project of a more substantial, united and effective Europe on the international level.
One of the crucial principles of the European Union is the transfer of the prerogatives of nation-states to European international institutions. However, these institutions remain governed by the number of powers granted by each country separately, so this union cannot be considered a federation, as it is unique to a unique political system in the world.
The European Union has many activities, the most important of which is that it is a unified market with one currency, the euro, which has been adopted by 19 out of the 28 member states. It also has a common agricultural policy and a unified marine fishing policy.
March 2007 was the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the union with the signing of the Rome Convention. On 12 October 2012, the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting peace, reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.
Theocratic system
Theocracy is a style of government in which the established authority claims its legitimacy from God, and the ruler claims that he rules in the name of God. Thus, the forms of political legitimacy are abolished under the pretext of responding to the divine will, and people are forced to obey this authority based on the divine right blindly.
By its very nature, the theocratic system is a dogmatic system that rules falsely in the name of God and believes that there is no room for opposing Him or questioning Him because it acts from unseen principles that man cannot comprehend. The broad influence of the clergy characterises the theocratic system.
It is possible to distinguish between varieties of theocracy, including what presents itself as gods that live among people, where the ruler enjoys an aura of reverence and glorification. This model prevailed in ancient Egypt, China, and Persia.
Islamic system
The Islamic ruling system has principles, such as Shura; the imam must consult those around him from the people of Shura in religious and worldly matters. They were stating justice and equality among people in rights and duties. Also, preserving and protecting dignity as it is not permissible to harm the dignity of anyone, insult him, or kill him without punishment.
Freedom of opinion and thought is part of religion, and Sharia rejects coercion, just as freedom goes hand in hand with dignity. Islam has encouraged freedom of belief, thought, and speech and urged that. The supervision of the nation and the ruler over each other. The ruler is watched by his subjects; if he is unjust, he is dismissed, and someone else is appointed, then the ruler is responsible for his people.
The rule of Caliphs aims to guard religion and the world’s politics, meaning that the world runs according to religion. So, state, nation, and life affairs are conducted according to the rules and principles of Sharia in a way that achieves interests and averts corruption.
Sharia politics is accomplished through achieving justice among people, and justice is the basis for establishing the state and achieving security and stability by applying sanctions to all people without exception until safety is achieved. Providing what people need by providing industries, crafts, and sciences is one of the obligations of sufficiency. Investing in the state’s wealth by exploiting the resources to achieve a decent living, and the expenses for that are from the treasury.
Monarchy
The monarchy system is one of the oldest systems of government throughout history, as the word monarchy denotes a system of government in which the king is considered the head of the state. The rule is often for long periods extending from the coronation of the king in his position until his death. Then the power is transmitted by inheritance to his crown prince from the monarchy family.
The head of the state in this system is given different titles such as king, emperor, khan, or Caesar. The king is the owner of all powers in the state. He is the one who issues laws, interprets, and implements them.
The monarchy system has several types that have been formed throughout history, some of which have disappeared, and some others are still in effect now, and examples of these types are:
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