AI Reading Assessment: Advancing Literacy Through Intelligent Tools

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Updated on: Educator Review By: Michelle Connolly

What Is AI Reading Assessment?

AI reading assessment uses artificial intelligence to evaluate students’ reading abilities through digital tools. These tools analyse comprehension, fluency, and vocabulary skills.

The systems give instant feedback and adapt to individual learning needs. This approach changes how teachers measure reading progress.

Definition and Key Concepts

Artificial intelligence reading assessment uses machine learning algorithms and educational testing to measure students’ reading abilities. These digital tools evaluate skills like phonemic awareness, fluency, and comprehension.

Michelle Connolly, an expert in educational technology, explains that AI assessment tools can quickly spot reading patterns that might take teachers weeks to notice.

The technology analyses how students interact with texts. AI-powered tools can process student responses in seconds and keep marking standards consistent.

Key features include:

  • Real-time analysis of reading errors and self-corrections
  • Adaptive questioning that adjusts difficulty based on performance
  • Multi-modal data collection such as eye-tracking and voice recognition
  • Instant feedback for students and teachers

Some systems use natural language processing to understand written answers. Others track reading speed and accuracy to measure fluency.

Evolution of Reading Assessment with Artificial Intelligence

Teachers once needed to sit with each student, time their reading, and note mistakes by hand. This process often took 5-10 minutes per student.

AI has changed this process by delivering instant results and offering deeper insights into reading behaviours. Modern systems can identify struggling readers in minutes.

Technology has moved from simple speed-reading checks to comprehensive analysis. Early digital tools tracked reading pace, but now AI systems evaluate:

  • Comprehension depth through open-ended questions
  • Vocabulary knowledge in context
  • Reading strategies students use
  • Areas of difficulty needing support

Research shows AI-driven assessments can support diverse learners, especially students with dyslexia or attention challenges. AI identifies unique reading patterns to guide teaching strategies.

Comparison to Traditional Methods

Traditional assessment methods depend on teacher observation and paper-based tests. Teachers spend a lot of time marking worksheets and giving feedback to each student.

Speed and Efficiency Comparison:

Assessment MethodTime per StudentConsistencyDetailed Analysis
Traditional5-10 minutesVariableLimited
AI-powered30 secondsHighComprehensive

AI tools reduce much of this administrative work. The technology can assess reading levels more accurately than non-adaptive software, with 44% of educators reporting better accuracy.

AI assessment has some limitations. Students may disengage with uninteresting content or press wrong buttons, which affects results.

Traditional methods help build teacher-student relationships and give insight into individual contexts. The best results come from combining both methods, using AI for data collection and teachers for interpretation and planning.

Core Technologies Behind AI Reading Assessment

An illustration showing a digital AI brain with interconnected nodes surrounded by holographic screens displaying data streams, neural networks, and text analysis elements representing AI reading assessment technologies.

Modern AI reading assessment systems combine machine learning algorithms with advanced data collection methods. These technologies work together to analyse reading patterns, comprehension levels, and learning progress in real time.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Assessment

Artificial intelligence transforms educational assessment by automating complex evaluation processes. AI systems can listen to students read aloud, analyse their pronunciation, and spot specific areas where they struggle.

Machine Learning in Reading Evaluation

AI assessment tools use algorithms to process student responses instantly. When you use these systems in your classroom, they detect reading errors, measure fluency, and track comprehension improvements.

Tools like Amira show how AI delivers individualised coaching and micro-interventions to every student. Each child receives feedback based on their unique reading patterns and challenges.

Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, says, “AI assessment tools exemplify technology’s role in modern education by handling routine tasks and providing valuable insights for student success.”

Adaptive Testing Capabilities

Computerised adaptive tests adjust question difficulty based on student responses. Struggling readers aren’t overwhelmed, and advanced students remain challenged.

These systems create detailed profiles of each student’s abilities. You can spot learning gaps before they become bigger problems.

Use of Eye Tracking to Analyse Reading

Eye tracking technology gives new insights into how students process text. This method captures precise data about reading behaviours that traditional assessments miss.

Understanding Reading Patterns

Eye tracking shows where students look, how long they spend on certain words, and if they use visual cues. You can use this data to see if students use effective reading strategies.

AI-driven multimodal data analysis captures these subtle behaviours to support diverse learners, especially those with dyslexia or attention challenges.

Identifying Reading Difficulties Early

The technology detects unusual eye movements that can signal reading difficulties. Students with dyslexia may show different scanning patterns from typical readers.

You can use this early identification to provide targeted help before students fall behind. The data shows not just what students struggle with, but how they approach reading.

Integration of Multiple Data Sources

Modern AI reading assessment combines different data streams to create full student profiles. This approach gives you a complete view of each student’s reading skills and progress.

Combining Audio and Visual Data

AI systems review several input types at once:

  • Voice recordings for pronunciation and fluency
  • Text responses for comprehension
  • Behavioural data for engagement
  • Progress tracking for learning analysis

This multi-modal approach leads to more accurate assessments than single methods.

Real-Time Data Processing

AI assessment tools provide immediate feedback during reading activities. You get instant alerts when students need more support or are ready for harder material.

The integration process gives you insights to guide your daily teaching. Instead of waiting for end-of-term assessments, you can adjust instruction based on continuous data.

Curriculum Alignment Features

Advanced systems link assessment data to your curriculum requirements. This ensures the insights you get help meet your teaching goals and students’ learning outcomes.

How AI Reading Assessments Work

AI reading assessments use artificial intelligence to test students, analyse their responses instantly, and adjust difficulty based on performance. These systems use natural language processing and adaptive technology for more personalised and efficient evaluations.

Automated Test Administration

AI reading assessments run automatically without constant teacher supervision. The system presents questions, records student responses, and tracks reading behaviours.

Students use digital interfaces to read passages and answer questions. The AI monitors their progress in real time.

Key automation features include:

The AI detects when students struggle with words or concepts. It notes reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension patterns.

Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, says, “These automated systems free up valuable teacher time and provide detailed insights into each child’s reading development.”

Teachers receive reports showing where students need support. This helps with planning targeted interventions.

Instant Data Analysis and Insights

AI systems analyse student responses right after completion. They spot patterns in reading performance that could take teachers hours to find.

The technology reviews multiple data points at once. It checks reading speed, accuracy, comprehension, and error types to build performance profiles.

AI analysis provides:

The system creates visual reports showing student progress over time. These charts help teachers and parents see development trends quickly.

AI can support diverse learners, especially students with reading difficulties. It identifies unique reading behaviours for targeted teaching.

Results appear within minutes. This speed lets teachers adjust instruction right away.

Adaptive Assessment Approaches

Adaptive assessments change difficulty as students answer questions. If a student answers correctly, the AI gives harder questions. Wrong answers lead to easier content.

This method gives more accurate reading level measurements. Students avoid frustration from content that’s too hard or boredom from material that’s too easy.

Adaptive features include:

  • Dynamic difficulty adjustment
  • Personalised question sequences
  • Interest-based content selection
  • Shorter testing times with better accuracy

Digital adaptive tools can save teachers time and effort. Traditional assessments often require teachers to sit with students for long periods.

The AI learns from each student interaction. It builds understanding of how different learners respond to various questions and content.

These tools are not perfect. Students might press wrong buttons or lose interest, which affects scores.

Teachers should use adaptive AI assessments along with their professional judgement for the best understanding of student reading ability.

Key Benefits for Educators and Learners

A teacher and diverse students using digital tablets in a classroom with visual data displays and AI elements, showing a supportive and interactive learning environment.

AI reading assessment changes traditional evaluation by providing rapid, accurate results and creating tailored feedback. These advances help teachers save time and give students personalised support that adapts to their learning needs.

Speed and Efficiency in Testing

Traditional reading assessments often take hours of valuable teaching time. AI assessment tools reduce grading and administrative tasks, letting you spend more time on instruction.

Instead of marking 30 reading comprehension papers in the evening, you can use AI tools to evaluate student responses in minutes. You receive instant data about reading levels, comprehension gaps, and vocabulary understanding.

Key time-saving benefits include:

















Michelle Connolly, an expert in educational technology, explains that AI assessment tools have changed how teachers approach reading evaluation. Teachers now have more time to focus on teaching.

AI assessment also benefits students. They receive feedback on their reading performance within minutes instead of days or weeks.

This quick feedback keeps students engaged and motivated to improve their skills.

Improved Accuracy and Objectivity

Human marking can vary because of fatigue, mood, or unconscious bias. AI-powered assessment tools improve the accuracy and efficiency of assessments.

AI systems evaluate reading responses using the same criteria every time. They do not get tired or have bad days.

This consistency ensures fair assessment for all students.

Accuracy improvements include:

















AI assessment tools track student progress over time using objective data. You can trust that changes in reading scores reflect real changes in ability.

AI tools also detect subtle patterns in reading difficulties. They identify areas where students struggle, from decoding words to understanding complex sentences.

Personalised Learning Feedback

Every student learns differently, and AI reading assessment recognises individual needs. These tools provide real-time feedback and personalised learning experiences to help improve engagement and outcomes.

AI systems analyse each student’s reading patterns. They identify if a child struggles with phonics, vocabulary, or comprehension and suggest targeted interventions.

Personalisation features include:

















Real-time feedback supports reading development. Students receive immediate guidance on pronunciation, comprehension, and reading strategies while they read.

This personalised approach helps you differentiate instruction more effectively. You can assign specific tasks based on each student’s AI-generated learning profile.

AI systems can generate personalised reports for parents. These reports show which reading skills their child needs to practise, making home-school partnerships more effective.

Types of AI Reading Assessments

A digital workspace showing an AI assistant analysing reading data on floating screens while diverse students use tablets to complete reading tasks.

AI reading assessment tools use different approaches to evaluate students’ reading abilities and progress. These systems provide immediate feedback and adapt to individual learning needs.

Formative and Summative Approaches

Formative AI reading assessments help teachers monitor student progress during daily learning activities. These tools provide instant feedback as students read and identify comprehension struggles in real-time.

Popular formative tools analyse reading fluency, vocabulary understanding, and comprehension skills as students work. They highlight areas needing attention without interrupting learning.

Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, explains that formative AI assessments let teachers spot reading difficulties before they become major barriers.

Summative AI reading assessments evaluate overall reading achievement at specific points. These tools measure progress against curriculum standards and learning objectives.

Key features include:

















These assessments help teachers make decisions about reading intervention needs and classroom grouping strategies.

Diagnostic and Level-Based Tests

Diagnostic AI reading assessments identify specific reading skill gaps and learning difficulties. These tools analyse phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension at the same time.

AI-driven multimodal assessments support diverse learners, including students with dyslexia or attention challenges. The technology tracks eye movements, reading speed, and error patterns.

Level-based testing systems use adaptive algorithms to determine precise reading levels. Students start with medium-difficulty passages and receive easier or harder texts based on their responses.

These assessments typically measure:

Reading ComponentAssessment Focus
Phonemic awarenessSound recognition and manipulation
Decoding skillsWord reading accuracy
FluencyReading speed and expression
ComprehensionUnderstanding and inference

AI-powered reading assessment tools provide detailed profiles showing where each student needs support. This makes intervention planning more targeted and effective.

Leveraging Eye Tracking in Reading Assessment

Eye tracking technology measures how students’ eyes move across text. Artificial intelligence analyses these patterns to reveal reading comprehension levels.

This approach provides objective data about reading difficulties that traditional assessments often miss.

How Eye Tracking Measures Comprehension

Eye tracking technology measures reading comprehension by monitoring where students look and how long they spend on different parts of the text. Lexplore’s assessment tool uses eye tracking and artificial intelligence to analyse a pupil’s reading ability in minutes.

When people read, their eyes make movements called saccades and fixations. Strong readers move smoothly through text with fewer backward glances.

Students with comprehension difficulties show different patterns. They might:

















Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, says, “Eye tracking reveals exactly where students struggle with text, giving teachers precise information to target their support.”

The technology tracks these movements hundreds of times per second. AI systems like SARA identify text segments that attract the most attention, which may indicate comprehension issues.

Analysing Reading Patterns with Technology

Modern reading assessment tools combine eye tracking data with artificial intelligence to create detailed profiles of student reading behaviour. Teachers can now see where reading problems lie instead of only knowing that a child struggles.

Technology analyses several key reading patterns:

Fixation Duration: How long eyes rest on words shows processing difficulty. Longer fixations often mean unfamiliar vocabulary or complex concepts.

Regression Patterns: Backward eye movements show where students re-read for understanding. These patterns help identify unique reading behaviours in students with dyslexia or attention challenges.

Reading Speed Variation: Changes in pace during a passage highlight difficult sections.

Artificial intelligence processes this data instantly. Assessment systems can show significant differences between proficient readers and those with mild cognitive difficulties.

This technology helps students who might hide reading struggles during traditional assessments. Teachers can use this objective data to implement strategies tailored to each student’s reading patterns.

Measuring Reading Speed and Accuracy

AI reading assessments measure how fast students read and how accurately they decode words. These tools track fluency patterns and error rates to identify students who need support.

Assessing Fluency and Error Rates

Modern AI systems assess students’ reading fluency by analysing speech recordings. The technology listens as students read aloud and counts errors automatically.

These systems track four key fluency components:

















AI tools calculate word error rates by comparing student recordings to expected pronunciations. Research shows that AI-based speech recognition systems can be at least 93% as successful as human raters in classifying readers.

Michelle Connolly notes, “AI reading assessments give teachers instant feedback on fluency patterns that might take weeks to identify through traditional methods.”

The technology identifies error types such as mispronunciations, omissions, and substitutions. This analysis helps teachers target interventions more precisely than general fluency scores.

Benchmarks for Different Age Groups

Free reading speed tests provide standardised benchmarks for different ages. These measurements help teachers understand expected progression rates.

Primary School Reading Speed Benchmarks:

Year GroupWords Per MinuteAccuracy Target
Year 160-90 WPM90-95%
Year 290-120 WPM95-98%
Year 3120-150 WPM95-98%
Year 4150-180 WPM98%+
Year 5-6180-220 WPM98%+

AI assessment tools adjust expectations based on text complexity and each student’s learning profile. Students reading below 85% accuracy usually need immediate intervention.

The technology also measures comprehension along with speed. AI-powered reading progress tools track whether faster reading maintains understanding.

For example, if a Year 4 student reads at 120 WPM with 92% accuracy, the AI flags this as below expected benchmarks and suggests decoding practice.

Advanced systems compare individual progress against both age standards and personal improvement.

AI-Powered Tools and Platforms

A group of professionals using advanced digital tools to assess reading skills with interactive data displays and holograms in a modern workspace.

Modern artificial intelligence assessment platforms change how teachers evaluate reading skills. These tools provide automated scoring, real-time feedback, and detailed progress tracking.

They integrate with existing classroom technology, including PowerPoint presentations, to create comprehensive reading assessment experiences.

Overview of Leading AI Assessment Tools

AI-powered assessment platforms use machine learning to analyse reading comprehension, fluency, and vocabulary development automatically. These systems save teachers time and provide detailed insights into student performance.

Key Features of Leading Platforms:

















Popular tools offer personalised book recommendations and reading analytics. Many systems integrate directly with your learning management system, so you do not need separate logins or data transfers.

Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, says, “I’ve seen how AI assessment tools free teachers to focus on targeted intervention rather than spending hours marking.” She has 16 years of classroom experience.

The most effective platforms combine multiple assessment types such as comprehension quizzes and oral reading evaluations. These tools give teachers a complete picture of each student’s reading development.

AI for Integrating Reading with PowerPoint Lessons

AI assessment tools now connect directly with PowerPoint presentations. You can embed reading assessments within your lesson slides for smooth transitions between teaching and evaluation.

Integration Options Include:

















You can create interactive PowerPoint lessons where students read passages aloud. AI provides immediate feedback on pronunciation.

The technology analyses speech patterns and identifies areas needing improvement. This helps teachers spot specific reading challenges quickly.

Many platforms offer PowerPoint add-ins that insert assessment widgets into your slides. Students complete reading tasks without leaving the presentation, keeping lessons on track and collecting useful data.

Integrated systems compile results into teacher dashboards. Teachers can see which students struggled with certain vocabulary or comprehension during the PowerPoint lesson.

Implementing AI Reading Assessment in Schools

Schools need clear strategies and proper training to integrate AI-powered assessment tools into their reading programmes. Start with pilot programmes and make sure all staff understand how these tools enhance traditional assessment methods.

Best Practices for Adoption

Begin with a pilot group of 2-3 teachers before using AI reading assessment across your school. This approach helps you identify challenges and refine your processes without overwhelming staff.

Choose AI tools that work with your existing reading scheme and assessment data. Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, notes, “The most successful implementations happen when schools select AI tools that complement their current teaching methods.”

Key Implementation Steps:

  1. Select appropriate year groups – Years 2-6 typically show the strongest results.
  2. Test with struggling readers first – AI can identify specific skill gaps.
  3. Establish clear data privacy protocols – Ensure GDPR compliance from the start.
  4. Create assessment schedules – Weekly AI assessments work better than daily ones.

Set realistic expectations with your team. AI assessment frameworks show that meaningful results usually appear after 4-6 weeks of consistent use.

Monitor student engagement during the first month. Some children may resist computer-based reading assessment at first, especially if they are used to one-to-one teacher assessments.

Staff Training and Support

Your teachers need hands-on training with the specific AI tools you choose. Plan for at least 3 hours of initial training and monthly follow-up sessions.

Focus training on interpreting AI-generated data, not just technical setup. Most teachers need help understanding what the assessment results mean for their teaching.

Essential Training Components:

















Pair confident users with those needing extra support to create mentor partnerships. This peer-to-peer approach often works better than top-down training.

Hold regular review meetings for teachers to share what works and what does not. Research on AI literacy assessment shows that ongoing collaborative reflection improves success rates.

Provide substitute cover so teachers can observe colleagues using AI reading assessment. Seeing the tools in action with real pupils builds confidence quickly.

Ensuring Data Privacy and Ethical Use

Protecting student data requires strict security measures and clear policies about how AI systems collect and use information. Schools must be transparent about AI decision-making to maintain trust with families and ensure fair assessment.

Safeguarding Student Information

AI reading assessments collect sensitive data about your students, including reading patterns and learning difficulties.

You need strong security measures to protect this information. Use encrypted storage and limit access to authorised personnel only.

Michelle Connolly, founder of LearningMole, says, “Schools have a responsibility to be guardians of student data, not just collectors of it. Every piece of information we gather should serve the child’s learning journey.”

Essential data protection steps:

















Control who can access student reading data by setting different permission levels for teachers, support staff, and administrators.

Data privacy regulations require explicit consent from parents before collecting personal information. Send clear letters home explaining what data you collect and why.

Store all assessment data on secure servers within the UK when possible. This helps you comply with British data protection laws and gives you more control over information security.

Transparency in AI Algorithms

You have the right to understand how AI systems evaluate your students’ reading abilities. Algorithms that provide scores without explanation can hide bias and errors.

Select AI assessment tools that explain their decision-making process. Look for systems that show which factors influenced a student’s score.

Questions to ask AI providers:

















Transparency in AI systems helps you spot unfair or inaccurate assessments. Students from different backgrounds may receive lower scores if the AI was not trained on diverse texts.

Request bias audits from your AI provider to check that the system treats all student groups fairly.

Document all AI assessment decisions that affect student placement or support. Parents have the right to understand and challenge automated decisions about their children.

Create clear policies about when teachers will review AI recommendations. Some decisions should not be left entirely to algorithms.

The Future of AI Reading Assessment

Artificial intelligence is changing reading assessments with personalised learning technologies that adapt to individual student needs in real-time. These systems also break down language barriers by providing multilingual assessment tools for diverse learners.

Trends in Personalised Learning Technology

AI-driven reading assessments are becoming adaptive systems that adjust difficulty based on student performance. These platforms analyse reading patterns, comprehension speed, and error types to create individual learning paths.

Michelle Connolly says, “The most exciting development in AI reading assessment is its ability to identify specific learning gaps and provide immediate, targeted support.”

AI literacy assessment tools now make assessments more immediate and diagnostic. Teachers receive actionable insights about student progress within minutes.

Modern systems can detect reading difficulties such as dyslexia through multimodal data analysis. They track eye movements, reading speed, and comprehension patterns to support diverse learners with reading challenges.

Key features of future AI reading assessments include:

















Expanding Access Across Languages

AI reading assessment is now multilingual, supporting students whose first language is not English. These systems can assess reading comprehension in several languages and identify transferable skills.

Cross-cultural adaptation in educational assessment is becoming more advanced. AI can recognise cultural context in reading materials and adjust assessments.

New technologies address equity gaps in literacy education by providing consistent, high-quality assessment regardless of location or resources.

These systems can:

















Future developments may include voice recognition technology that assesses pronunciation and fluency across accents and dialects. This will help students learning English as an additional language.

Schools are starting to use these multilingual AI tools to create more inclusive reading programmes that celebrate linguistic diversity and build literacy skills.

Frequently Asked Questions

A group of people including a teacher, student, and parent looking at a large digital screen with icons representing AI and reading assessment in a bright educational setting.

Teachers and parents often have questions about AI reading assessment tools, especially about features, adaptability, and effectiveness for different learners. Understanding how these systems work helps you choose the best tools for your students’ reading development.

What features should I look for in an AI-powered reading tutor?

Choose tools that provide real-time feedback on pronunciation, reading accuracy, and fluency rates. The best AI-powered reading practice tools offer immediate corrections and personalised suggestions as students read aloud.

Look for progress tracking that shows words per minute and accuracy percentages over time. Good systems let you create custom reading sessions using your own curriculum materials.

Michelle Connolly recommends, “Look for platforms that adapt to individual learning styles whilst maintaining engagement.”

Select tools that integrate with classroom systems and allow you to set specific time goals for reading practice. The ability to switch between teacher and student modes helps you preview the experience before assigning work.

How does an AI reading application adapt to a child’s individual learning pace?

AI reading applications analyse each child’s reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension patterns. They adjust difficulty levels automatically.

The system tracks how long students spend on different words. It identifies recurring pronunciation challenges.

Most platforms increase text complexity when students complete passages successfully. If a child struggles with multisyllabic words, the AI offers extra practice with similar word patterns.

Advanced systems deliver feedback at a pace that matches the reader’s needs. Slower readers get more processing time, while confident readers move quickly through passages.

The technology remembers previous sessions. It builds on areas where students improve, creating a personalised learning pathway.

Can AI reading software assist with understanding phonics more effectively?

AI reading software breaks down words into syllables. It provides visual and audio cues for phonetic patterns.

Students hear correct pronunciation immediately after trying difficult sounds or letter combinations. The AI can isolate problematic phonemes and provide targeted practice.

Many systems highlight word families and common phonetic patterns within passages. This helps students recognise similar patterns in new words.

The technology can slow down pronunciation during difficult sections. Students hear individual sounds more clearly, building phonetic awareness step by step.

Is it possible to track a student’s progress using an AI reading assessment tool?

Yes, AI reading assessment tools provide detailed progress monitoring across multiple metrics. You can view data on reading accuracy, words per minute, and completion rates for assigned passages.

Progress tracking features show trends over time. They make it easy to identify improvements or areas needing more support.

Most platforms generate reports showing which types of texts challenge students most. You can spot patterns in errors, such as difficulties with certain letter combinations or word lengths.

The tracking systems let you set reading time goals and monitor student progress towards these targets. This keeps students motivated and provides measurable outcomes.

In what ways do AI reading programs support children with reading difficulties?

AI reading programs offer personalised pacing that matches each child’s processing speed. Children can repeat sections as often as needed without pressure.

These systems include accessibility features such as text highlighting, font adjustments, and background colour changes. Students with dyslexia or visual processing difficulties benefit from these customisable options.

AI-powered reading assessments identify specific areas of difficulty and provide targeted interventions. The technology adapts content complexity to maintain the right level of challenge.

Many programs break reading tasks into smaller, manageable chunks. This approach reduces anxiety and helps students build confidence over time.

What age groups are most beneficially served by AI reading assessment technologies?

Primary school children aged 5-11 years gain the most from AI reading assessment technologies. These tools support the critical period when students move from learning to read to reading to learn.

Early years students (Reception to Year 2) receive particular value from pronunciation feedback and phonics support. Immediate audio corrections help them build proper reading habits during foundational learning stages.

Key Stage 2 students (Years 3-6) use comprehension tracking and fluency monitoring to improve their reading. AI reading assessments quickly show which students decode well but struggle with understanding.

Secondary students with reading difficulties also use these tools to catch up on fundamental skills. The private and non-judgmental AI feedback appeals to older learners who might feel embarrassed about reading struggles.

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